Г?арац (валюта)

百度 2018年实施建绿透绿90万平方米，每个区完成1个立体绿化示范项目，其后每年都会根据拆违拆临进度、城市建设等情况确定年度建设任务。

Г?арац — бокьараб жо яги жиндир хал гьабизе к?олеб хъвай, г?емерисеб жибги къабул гьабураб къайиялъухъ ва гьабураб х?алт?ухъ мухьлъун ва магъало г?адал налъаби рец?изе конкретияб пачалихъалда яги социалиябгин экономикияб контексталда.^[1]^[2]^[3] Г?арацалъул аслиял функциял рат?арахъула: хис-басалъул алат, х?исаб-суалалъул цвел, багьа ц?униялъул алат ва цо-цо налъи бец?и нахъбахъиялъул стандарт г?адин.^[4]^[5] Гьел функциял т?уразе к?олел бокьарал жал рик?к?ине бегьула г?арац х?исабалда.

Мугъч?ваял

^ Mishkin, Frederic S. (2007). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (Alternate ред.). Boston: Addison Wesley. гь. 8. ISBN 978-0-321-42177-7.
^ What Is Money? By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.
^ "money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Щвей 18 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2007). "2". Macroeconomics (6th ред.). New York: Worth Publishers. гьгь. 22–32. ISBN 978-0-7167-6213-3.
^ T.H. Greco. Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender, White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Publishing (2001). ISBN 1-890132-37-3

Т?адеги ц?алиялъе

Chown, John F. A History of Money: from AD 800 (Psychology Press, 1994).
Davies, Glyn, and Duncan Connors. A History of Money (4th ed. U of Wales Press, 2016) excerpt .

Ferguson, Niall. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (2009) excerpt

Keen, Steve (February 2015). "What Is Money and How Is It Created?" argues, "Banks create money by issuing a loan to a borrower; they record the loan as an asset, and the money they deposit in the borrower’s account as a liability. This, in one way, is no different to the way the Federal Reserve creates money ... money is simply a third party’s promise to pay which we accept as full payment in exchange for goods. The two main third parties whose promises we accept are the government and the banks ... money ... is not backed by anything physical, and instead relies on trust. Of course, that trust can be abused ... we continue to ignore the main game: what the banks do (for good and for ill) that really drives the economy." Forbes
Kuroda, Akinobu. A Global History of Money (Routledge, 2020). excerpt

Hartman, Mitchell. How Much Money Is There in the World?, Marketplace, American Public Media (October 30, 2017).
Lanchester, John, "The Invention of Money: How the heresies of two bankers became the basis of our modern economy", The New Yorker, 5 & 12 August 2019, pp. 28–31.

Weatherford, Jack. The history of money (2009). by a cultural anthropologist. excerpt

Къват?исел рег?елал

"Money", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Niall Ferguson, Richard J. Evans and Jane Humphries (In Our Time, Mar. 1, 2001)

Халип:Means of Exchange Халип:Economics

[1] Mishkin, Frederic S. (2007). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (Alternate ред.). Boston: Addison Wesley. гь. 8. ISBN 978-0-321-42177-7.

[2] What Is Money? By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.

[3] "money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Щвей 18 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

[mankiw-4] Mankiw, N. Gregory (2007). "2". Macroeconomics (6th ред.). New York: Worth Publishers. гьгь. 22–32. ISBN 978-0-7167-6213-3.

[greco-5] T.H. Greco. Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender, White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Publishing (2001). ISBN 1-890132-37-3

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